A first encounter with Ranciere.

I’ve been using Bakhtin’s theory of dialogism for the past decade, first in studying and writing the novel, and then in studying and making film. Although Bakhtin’s work began in theorising the visual arts, his mature work focusses on literature (Bakhtin, 1984). As film is to a large extent a predominantly narrative form, dialogism can be transferred with only a small amount of adaptation. Using his theories to research visual art, however, can present obstacles where the work is not explicitly narrative in nature. Works do exist (e.g. Haynes, 2009), and I will make use of these in due course. 

What appeals to me about Bakhtin is that he locates the artist as embedded socially, influenced by and in turn influencing the discourses, particularly those carried in language, in which they are immersed. Specifically, Bakhtin grants the artist, and indeed all people, agency in evaluating, responding to and articulating discourse; he considers this the fundamental activity in the creation of identity. This agency permits a more fluid, complex and subtle application of ways in which discourse constitutes socially and has been influential in shaping periods of post-colonial and feminist thought. However, while both lexical and symbolic language is constituted through photography, as articulated thoroughly through theoretical focus on semiotics, I am presently more interested in how aesthetic style is socially embedded rather than simply individualistic. By this, I mean not simply the historic artistic pedigree of style, but how style engages with and is shaped by society in a wider sense. 

I was thus enthused to come across the work of Ranciere in the context of photography. Ranciere’s theories of artistic regimes – distinct but overlapping historical movements that shape but create problems for artists – connects aesthetics to politics, philosophy and community (Deranty, 2010). Like Bakhtin, Ranciere argues that the artist struggles with the influences of their regimes, especially where different elements appear contradictory, and their art is an attempt at reconciliation. He also refutes different artistic media as discrete and hermetic worlds but sees them as different iterations of and responses to these regimes, something that chimes with my own outlook having practiced in several different art forms and my wish to combine these in my work. Ranciere’s theorising of montage is also going to be relevant here and worthy of further study. 

Ranciere argues that, in the wake of the c.18threvolutions and Romanticism, which he links, the present regime is that of the aesthetic, whereby the expressivity of language in its own right becomes the dominant focus of artistic activity, rather than as simply a vehicle for representation. It’s important to note that Ranciere does not argue in absolute binary terms, and that different regimes co-exist and cross-fertilise; the representative regime is still a major influence on art made up to the present. This way of understanding my own practice begins to answer my problems with the gaze, which appears to me to be too ideologically limited a definition of the practice of photography. 

Like Bakhtin’s identification of polyphony in the novels of Dostoevsky, Ranciere argues that the aesthetic regime makes possible a radical equality of voices whereby no subject matter or means of expression is invalid in the creation of art, and he traces c.20thexpressions of this such as pop art and postmodernism back to Romanticism. Of particular interest to my practice is Ranciere’s identification of the aesthetic regime as making possible direct artistic ‘expressivity’ of the world’s raw material, rather than or in addition to, as with the representational regime, the world as a symbol. I’m very much interested in expressing palpable, experienced presence through my photography – and film – while being mindful of symbolic meaning. This is a very good starting point for me to begin to reconcile these seemingly paradoxical elements; indeed, Ranciere specifically considers, critiques and develops Barthes’ model of the punctum and stadium (1993) which articulates a related binary in a quite distinct way. 

Having only recently read Ranciere, I am still digesting it. However, I will report back at a later date how this is becoming relevant to my practice. 

Bakhtin, M. M. 1984. Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 

Barthes, R. Camera Lucida. 1993. London: Vintage Classics. 

Deranty, J. (ed.) 2010. Jacques Ranciere: Key Concepts. London: Routlege.  

Haynes, D. J. 2009. Bakhtin and the Visual Arts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 

Informing Contexts W4: CRJ Task

At present, the intent of my practice is to develop a personal aesthetic, emotional and political relationship with the places which I visit by interacting with them by walking and photographing. My technical strategy is to walk around a site in a semi-organised manner, having plotted an idea for a route, and then allowing myself to become distracted and deviate from this as I come across places, objects and views which attract my attention. I photograph these on the fly. I follow personal preferences for photographing traces of human and animal activity, abstracts such as reflections and organic patterns, viewpoints, and idiosyncratic details such as radio masts and ruins. I use a 24-70mm lens to accommodate these different types of shot and have recently upgraded my camera to one with a larger sensor to better record natural textures such as bracken, leaves and heather.

At present, these are intended to communicate the sense of place as it appears to me. I shoot a large number of photographs and present only the best. These communicate sense of place effectively to others, judging from their feedback. As such, and at present, my chosen strategies are successful. As the project is still in its explorative stage, once refined, the intention will become more defined and the strategies narrowed accordingly. Images will also sit with text, which I have not begun to include as yet.

Informing Contexts W3 Task: A Constructed Photograph.

From Façades #3, Zacharie Gaudrillot-Roy, 2009.

While I can appreciate manipulated photography, I rarely find a connection to it. Gaudrillot-Roy’s ongoing series is a rare example. His work doesn’t so much capture the eeriness of the mundane, as coaxes it out. There’s always something slightly eerie about quiet streets in the dead of night, a sense of the unreal, and Gaudrillot-Roy makes this manifest by stripping away the buildings and adding new details, while maintaining a superlative command of line, tone and colour. The images are like pages from a children’s fantasy book, and defy any kind of logic, but rather communicate in an emotive, imaginative way.

They might be playful, but there’s also a sense of anxiety, even terror – where have all the people gone to? Am I, the viewer, all alone in this strange world? Has there been a strange apocalypse, or am I seeing the world as it always has been, the world of families and jobs and bars an illusion I’m seeing through for the first time?

A social message could be drawn from this, but I suspect this is of lesser importance to the image than the communication of mood and the injunction to imagine. Certainly, this is the impression one gets from Gaudrillot-Roy’s commentary.

This week’s reflection tasks asks me to position my practice in relationship to this work. I cannot. I have neither the technical skills nor the inclination to adopt such strategies. As a photographer also interested in the eerie, however, it is interesting to see how a photograph can be used as a starting point for further development.

Mutters Moor, January 2020, Andy Thatcher.

http://www.zachariegaudrillot-roy.com/en/portfolio-20289-0-40-facades-3.html

Simone Nieweg: Landschaften und Gartenstücke

Simone Nieweg is a photographer I can really learn from. This collection, shot between 1987 and 2001, explores very specific German agricultural landscapes. That she’s a Becher student is evident in her patient recording of typologies under typically Becher-ish overcast lighting conditions. The collection, like those of the Bechers, becomes hypnotic through repetition. Endlessly unremarkable vegetable plots. Squashed horizons. Cabbages and sprouts and leeks. As with the Bechers, after a while, the repetition begins to abstract its subject, and the plots becomes geometric patterns of texture and colours – and under the light and the palette Nieweg uses, the distinctions between textures and colours is very subtle, drawing you in to look harder.

It’s an exquisitely beautiful experience, strangely reminiscent of Rothko. Nieweg has a fascination with line that I share with her, and she knows how to draw it out and assemble it from both organic and non-organic elements. Lines move this way and that, there are sharp corners and though there is often so little to look at, the eye is drawn through and around the scene no less compellingly than if this were a Hokusai.

And yet, for all this abstraction, this is neither a-political, nor does it efface photography’s documentary facility. Human intrusion into the vegetable world is shown as abrupt and all-present, as if the yellow grass and battered brassica have been beaten into submission. The industrial scale of agriculture is laid bare, squashing human habitation into distant horizons, the emptiness of most scenes suggesting people have invaded, wreaked their violence on the soil, and then retreated from the battlefield of churned up mud. This is the countryside, but it’s a man-made countryside, anything growing, doing so permissively, submissively.

That the book is so beautiful, punctuated occasionally and ecstatically with sunlight on fences or a truly glorious swede, prevents the message from being overbearing or didactic, but it’s unavoidable. It’s almost too rich to consume in one sitting.

I have found a key influence here. I need to understand the geometries available to me through heathland paths, birch scrub, log piles, pool reflections and pine copses, and how these can be harnessed with human artefacts to develop the commons beyond being simply attractive. This will let me politicise my aesthetics.

Mutters Moor, 2020. Andy Thatcher.

Nieweg, Simone. 2002. Landschaften und Gartenstücke. Berlin: Schirmer/ Mosel.

Venn Ottery & Aylesbeare Commons shoot

I need to get these thoughts down while they’re still in my mind – hence this post won’t be illustrated with images just yet.

I guess in response to this week’s topic, I’m thinking quite hard about just what my practice is, where it’s going, and where it needs refining. I’m starting to realise that going out shooting stills is actually a very different experience to shooting video, even if it’s on the same camera, even if the subject matter is identical. The really big difference isn’t out in the field – it’s what happens to those bits and pieces afterwards. Whatever strength stills photography has, in comparison with film, it lacks the immersive textual experience of the voiceover, it lacks the thematic and emotive games that can be played through sound, it lacks movement, both on screen and of the frame, and it lacks the sophistication of meaning made possible by editing. This isn’t to imply that photography is inferior – it’s absolutely not – but that I’m going to have to think carefully about how to translate the thematic and textual elements into a new medium.

As I go out shooting, I’m thinking. The shooting is part of that thinking, and this is why I settled on the essay film as the best match for my inclinations as a film form. My thinking can be expressed through choice of shot, choice of frame and focal length, sound, dissonant editing, duration, voiceover, music, on screen text.

In particular, as I shoot, I note down my thoughts and these form the basis of an accompanying text. This text is very important – as a writer, it’s of equal importance to the image. In my dissertation film, and my film about the M5 bridge at Exeter, this was worked up rigorously and was an integral part of the editing process. I realised today that there are things that I won’t be able to say through photographs, but that I want to say, as part of my commons project. These are personal reflections, moods and abstract ideas. I need to think about how to keep this as part of the project.

For example, walking amongst some of the really small patches of common land left – such as Manor Farm, which isn’t even signposted but is actually rather wonderful, and looking across the Otter valley towards Mutters Moor and Harpford Common, it’s like island-hopping between these extraodinary places. Islands in a land inundated with private owndership.

For example, it strikes me that the timelessness of the land is in its useage, in its history. There’s nothing timeless about heathland – it’s heavily managed – but people have been free to wonder on these little patches of land since there were people. In all that time, they have not been stopped, and if they have, they have fought back and won. There’s a dream inherent in the commons, and it’s a dream found in national parks, wildlife reserves, public parks. But common land is the origin of all this – and of course, many of these types of amenity ARE commons. To a certain extent, streets are also a kind of commons.

That was pretty much my train of thought. It’s something I want to develop – but I can only think of doing so in writing. So it’s time to stop messing around, and be including writing in what I’m doing.

As another note, it’s time to stop being so prissy about leaving things untouched. The pebbles on the commons look so much nicer when they’re wet. I need to start getting them wet to photograph them. To hell with authenticity.

And as one final note – one thing that I’m starting to do is understand my terrain, my own take on it. Starting to understand how best to photograph paths, birches, seeing the possibilities in kinds of land. In this, what I’m doing is no different to street photography.

Journal Summary W2

My practice hasn’t really moved on since last week, and I haven’t found this week’s learning, although interesting, especially relevant. I’m not much interested in questions of truth or the peculiar nature of the photographic medium. Rather, I’m interested in photography as a way by which I can engage with and interpret the world can reveal a set of truths – provisional ones of course, as truth is always thus. I’m interested in photography as methodology.

Through being forced to consider communicating meaning, I find I’ve come back to where I was in later Spring last year, beginning to understand the essay form in documentary film – a thinking through of ideas, a gleaning and sifting of materials, a self-conscious testing out of notions and practices. This is why this week’s materials haven’t been terribly productive for me – everything is much too, albeit necessarily, up in the air. Ask me these questions again some time, and I’ll most likely have some answers. I’m using my camera as a form of thinking, so let me think some more and I’ll get back to you.

As for contexts – I’m thinking book, or possibly article, or possibly both. I want my work to exist in dialogue with text, certainly, and I’m keen to escape the increasingly oppressive omnipresence of the screen somehow. I’m also keen to use sensory ethnography as a methodology, and some of the opportunities opening out at the Pebblebed Heaths will lend themselves to this. I continue to explore geography in connection with this, and am also learning about landscape art more broadly. But it’s all very early days, I don’t have anything specific to say beyond that.

What, if any, sort of truth do you think photography can or might offer us?

I’ve looked at the idea of truth from a number of angles over the years. I’ve looked at realism in the novel, taking in, ostensibly, foundational realists such as Dickens and subversive historiographic metafictionalists such as Rushdie. My conclusion was that the novel, whether realist or not, aims to represent an ironic impression of truth in which the author is always implicit, whether intentionally so or not. I’ve looked at different models of documentary truth, a battlefield of authenticity still arguing with itself over whether the fly-on-the-wall objectivity of ‘direct’ cinema is ever possible – or even relevant in a postmodern age. My own conclusion is that any documentary ‘truth claims’ are found not in the material itself, but in a contract, whether explicit or implicit, made with the viewer as to the relationship to truth being presented. Through market research and psychology I’ve studied the age-old antagonism between qualitative and quantitative data and thus the merits and problems with empiricism – and psychology’s current and growing ‘cultural turn’ through social constructivism. Crucially, from the perspective of truth and photography, it’s worth noting that even a basic understanding of cognitive psychology utterly destabilises any notion of ever being able to directly perceive an objective reality through the sense (contemporary physics increasingly proposes that there is no such thing anyway). Indeed, the ‘naturalness’ which we assume is inherent in looking at a flat image is anything but, as demonstrated by the length of time it takes blind people to ‘learn’ to interpret them should their sight be restored. 

In other words, ‘truth’ is a slippery, ideologically loaded term. There is, of course, a cultural expectation that persists even in the era of deep-fakes, that photographs tell the truth, even if it’s only the faintest echo of a truth. It’s my belief that this isn’t something inherent in the medium itself, but rather something that has grown up alongside it in the ways it has been deployed to support scientific, legal, journalistic assertions about ‘truth’ in the specific era it did. I would thus caution that denoting photography as being, or being believed to be, more truthful than any other form of image-making – including textual descriptions of images – is thus culturally-specific. In an era saturated with photographs, it’s difficult but worthwhile considering that painted portraits, for example, were as much freighted with ‘truth’ prior to photography’s invention as photographic portraits were afterwards. So, my answer to the question ‘what kind of truth can photography offer us’ would be: any kind of truth one feels like making a claim for – so long as one sets the terms of that claim or understands the terms implied in the contexts in which one permits one’s work to be viewed – and then fulfils them. 

I believe the photograph is different to other forms of visual representation, though I believe the degree of difference varies with the process and form of the image. Take, for example, evidentiary photographs such as passport photos and compare them with one of the few remaining circumstances where drawing is evidentiary – the courtroom. Both are perceived to be highly objective, and whether forced facial expressions, flash lighting, or use of shading or pencil colour, these are accepted as elements of each medium which transcribes a ‘reality’ onto a flat surface for scrutiny. In both cases, light has entered through a lens – the photo booth’s, the courtroom artist’s eye – and a process has been initiated for this to happen. In neither case is the implicit subjectivity of authorship considered relevant. And yet in the courtroom drawing, the artist is omnipresent. We know that this artist was sitting in this chair, saw this scene with their own eyes, and used their hands to make those lines. In a photograph, regardless of how objective or subjective it is viewed as or intended to be, there is an implicit surplus, however slight, which escapes the control of the artist: to some extent, the image that we see was recorded by a machine and no conscious decision was made by anyone about it: it was a direct relationship between a primed mechanical process and the light available to it. However much the process or the available light might have been manipulated by human agency, there will always be a surplus which escapes. 

Take, for example, Warhol’s screen-prints: Warhol is understood as ‘author’ of these images (even though he frequently didn’t make the prints himself). They are exhibited as ‘Warhols’ and the identity of the original photographer negated: the process is overtly one of paint and paper and the human hand is everywhere present. The Marilyn photos themselves are understood as fictionalised to a certain extent even before Warhol’s intervention – as icon of beauty and gender, she has a cultural meaning that Warhol accentuates – and understood as staged glamour shots. And yet there persists, deliberately, a mechanical surplus which escapes any intention to interpreted, and the screen prints are careful to retain the faintest echo of this: they remain photographs. Had this been a painting of a photograph, however faithful, the mechanical chain would have been broken – although, and this is crucial, the painting would have to be ‘understood’ as a painting, and not a photograph. It is this ‘understanding’ of the photograph’s unique quality of mechanical ‘surplus’ on which rests the cultural meanings of photographic ‘truth’ and makes possible the myriad strategies and games of communicating the photographic image. 

Even in the era of deep-fakes, I don’t believe any photograph can escape questions of veracity – even if it positions itself to argue against this, whether tableau, digitally enhanced, in the gallery or used for publicity. Public scepticism might be more attuned to it, but there remains a contract of truth between photographer and viewer, even if that truth is as basic as the photograph being a photograph and not another medium. 

Richard Billingham – Landscapes 2001-2003.

I love it when I come across a photographer who feels like a fellow traveller. Shore. Godwin. Gossage. And now Billingham to add to the list. Why? Billingham, like me, has a fascination with bold lines and bands of texture and colour. Like me, people are within the landscape, if they’re there at all. He also has an eye for extremes – acute angles, brutally partitioned flat horizons. What is especially interesting is that his images largely place natural lines either horizontally (horizons, water) or vertically (trees, cliffs). It’s the manmade lines that are typically diagonal – tracks, wires, fences.

Pond, 2002.
Tree Boles. 2002.

What really impresses me, aside from the immersive sequencing of this collection, is how his eye and style applies itself to such a variety of landscapes in such a way that they’re rendered both uniform and distinctive, as with the two pictures below.

South Downs. 2003.
Ethiopian Landscape. 2002.

The collection demonstrates a sameness to landscapes which allows the viewer to consider their distinctiveness by, effectively, placing them side by side. Here, both compositions are similar. But the colours, the sky, the cattle, dust – and lack of it, metalled surface – and lack of it – sharply delineate the economic power which makes a leisure trip to the South Downs, from the lack of it which is evidenced by the subsistence farming of Ethiopia.

I’m still determining my style, as I don’t want to limit the communicative aspect of my practice by narrowing too much. Billingham’s work demonstrates that style and message can form a coherent whole.

Grass Verge, 2001.

Billingham, R. 2008. Landscapes 2001-2003. Stockport: Dewi Lewis Publishing.

Population vs landscape.

I was out shooting yesterday at Mutters Moor, a sliver of common along an East Devon ridge, when I came across a shiny white Land Rover and a picnic table groaning with thermoses, bottled water and snacks. The table commanded a stunning view, new to me, up the coast towards Exmouth and on to Torbay. It’s a view so stunning, so I was told by the Land Rover’s keeper, it’s even got a name: The Queen’s View. The keeper explained he was awaiting a group of off-roaders in 4X4s off for a corporate day out – his business. After chatting a while, I took in the view and went my way. 

This would have been a great photo op. It’s incongruous, political (considering the ongoing battles against off-roaders in the Lake District) and would have been aesthetically interesting. However, as I went my way, it occurred to me I never even thought to include what I’d stumbled across in my walk, in the way I’d included logging an hour or so earlier. This is partly because I’m still very shy of asking to take people’s photos, however much reassurance I might have had from people over the years. But I think there’s something else going on. I think, for what I’m trying to achieve, people are a distraction. 

The influential theorist of film sound, Michel Chion, argues that whenever a human voice appears in a soundtrack, it without fail attracts attention to the extent where it instantaneously becomes predominant. I’ve argued previously, also referring to film, that the appearance of people into landscape has an analogous effect, and used this phenomenon in my film, Strands, by allowing the audience time to experience an unpeopled landscape before people enter the frame and after they leave it. This was intended to allow the audience both to ‘dwell’ in the landscape in sensory terms and to experience it as mediated by people connected with it in narrative terms. 

The temporally-fixed frame of stills photography does not allow for such flexibility, but neither does it make such flexibility impossible. The work of, for example, Simon Roberts, envisions landscape in a very human, narrative way by including activity, even when taking up a minute portion of the frame; it is about landscape, but it is even more about specific people’s relationship with their landscape, as demonstrated in series titles such as We English. When faced with his work, which I love, my initial response is to wonder who these people are and what they’re doing, before beginning to see their relationship with the rest of the image. 

Camel Estuary, Padstow, Cornwall, 27 September 2007. Simon Roberts, 2009.

Another strategy is to interlace unpopulated landscape shots with portraits or documentary images. This was Joel Sternfeld’s approach in Campagna Romana, which has scant, slightly surreal but poignant portraits in amongst the shots of the remnants of ancient Rome taken over several years. It’s an exquisite series that allows for a sense of discovery of this extraordinary landscape that extends to a map at the back. Last year’s Rome after Romerevisits and reenvisions this series, richly updating its reproduction but also including far more portraits to the extent where portraits follow one another. The book is, deliberately, much more about the people: the landscape becomes theirs, rather than as previously, they appearing as a part of their landscape. While no less successful as a book, the sense of immersion is gone, and one gets the sense of peering around the portraits to see their landscapes. This difference is demonstrated effectively by their two different front covers. 

People are very much a part of my commons project. Commons are given their characteristics by human agency, whether conservation, history, leisure or economic usage, or – especially – legal status. I want to explore these dimensions in my project, and I also want to explore the different sensory ways in which they can be experienced – what it feels like for people to be on a common. I want my project, as with Strands, to be an immersive experience. I want viewers to have a degree of agency, to be able to develop their own connections and explore the landscapes presented for themselves, partly to give them space to reflect on their own experience of commons, and I believe my intentions could be at odds if I included people visually in this project. So, had I included a portrait of the man with his Land Rover, or his assistant at the picnic table, even if relatively small in the frame against the magnificent backdrop of The Queen’s View, the image would become primarily about off-roading, and the meanings to be drawn from it, and about The Queen’s View as a cultural rather than sensory experience. Nothing wrong with that, of course, just not my intention. 

It has long been my intention to include writing in my work, and through leaving the visual ‘channel’ unpopulated but populating the textual ‘channel’, I think a balance could be struck: ultimately, it’s the viewers choice how to interrelate text and image and all kinds of interrelationships can be explored through formatting, something I’m investigating presently. But that’s something to discuss on another occasion. 

Chion, M. 1999. The Voice in Cinema. NYC: Columbia University Press. 

Roberts, S. 2009. We English. London: Chris Boot. 

Sternfeld, J. 1992. Campagna Romana.NYC: Alfred A. Knopf.

Sternfeld, J. 2019. Rome After Rome. Göttingen: Steidl. 

Informing Contexts W1: Considering Szarkowski.

Taxonomies are tricky, paradoxical creatures. They both open up and shut down conversation, make sense and nonsense. I hate them and love them in equal measure, but find them indispensable in developing thinking. I can see that Szarkowski’s might be useful, so here’s my attempt at applying it to one of my most recent shots of Woodbury Common. 

The thing here is the track. It’s easily recognisable. We can see it’s a track through countryside, that both people and vehicles use it, that it comes from somewhere and goes somewhere and without considering the ambient conditions, it’s a very ordinary track indeed and that very ordinariness imparts a sense of familiarity. It’s the kind of track anyone might come to know. 

The detail here, its ‘truth’ is those tracks. Not only do they animate the image and give it the dramatic lines, but they’re somewhat brutal. They remind the viewer that, even in such a beautiful setting, noise and management and people are at work: there is nothing ‘natural’ here. A narrative is – perhaps – suggested through the absent activity, and I would question Szarkowski’s assertion that photos don’t tell stories – that they are so frequently used to prompt them in creative writing workshops and therapy sessions suggests that any narrative absence is paradoxically an overabundance of possibilities. 

The time here is a frosty morning. I’d chosen to be here to capture exactly this – the reddish light, the elegant blue frost tints. But it’s also, on a longer scale, the intensive heathland management practice of scraping topsoil which requires the heavy machinery. It’s also – implicitly – the time it took to make those tracks. Coming from a film background, which records time in a very different kind of way, I’m increasingly finding photography a much more supple and subtle way of registering time, and one that more actively engages the audience through inference. 

Likewise, through segmenting the actual, the frame infers what cannot be perceived visually, and in this photography and film are very similar. It’s through frame that the previous elements – thingdetail and time – become arranged into an animate whole. It’s also through frame that this becomes very much my shot – I wasn’t the only one out on the common that morning taking photos of tracks and frost – but the way I’ve arranged the track, the gorse, the sky, to create a slightly dramatic, slightly abstract image is wholly mine. This is precisely, as Szarkowski says, ‘to quote out of context’. 

Vantage point, the final characteristic, is an unusual one here for me. As I wanted to include the distant trees, I lifted my camera as high over my head as I could reach to take the shot. I’m not sure that comes across, however, and it was a purely aesthetic rather than thematic choice. That being the case, the vantage point appears to be – even if it actually isn’t – at about head high walking amongst landscape. It’s not in flight through a zoom, picking out a detail crouching down and scrutinising. The vantage point is that of a walker, any walker, out enjoying the morning, and this gives emphasis to the ordinariness of the scene and the track. The extraordinary – the frost, the morning sun – thus becomes accessible, commonplace, within the democratic realms of ordinary experience. 

Szarkowski, J. 2007. The Photographer’s Eye. New York: The Museum of Modern Art.